Question 1
A and X are overlapped on starboard tack on a very broad reach. A is subject to rule 17.1. Without changing course, A gybes, allowing her boom to go right across and her sail to fill on the new tack. She then immediately gybes back and luffs X. X responds to the luff and protests. What should the call be?

Answer 1
Because A’s sail fills in a running position after the gybe, she is sailing by the lee, and has therefore changed tack. When she gybes back onto starboard tack, she establishes a new overlap 'instantaneously', so rule 17.1 does not apply. No penalty.

Question 2
The circumstances are the same except that A’s first 'gybe' is performed by pulling the boom just across the centre-line, flicking the boom so the sail fills on the new side, and then immediately pushing the boom back to the previous side.
A then luffs, X responds and protests. What should the call be?

Answer 2
A is never sailing by the lee. Therefore the tack she is on is determined by her windward side. Because this does not change, she remains on starboard tack throughout the manoeuvre and therefore breaks rule 17.1 when she luffs.
Penalize A.